Chinese is a language, or a group of languages, spoken by 1.3 billion people worldwide. If you believe Chinese to be one language, rather than a grouping, it is the single most commonly spoken language on the planet. It is spoken in countries like China, Taiwan Singapore, and Malaysia. If you are interested in learning Chinese, it can be intimidating and challenging. But learning Chinese can also be rewarding, and knowing it can have benefits for your career, and help to improve your travels to Asia.

If you decide to learn the Chinese language, there a number of ways you can go about doing so. As a college student, you can study Mandarin Chinese and earn a degree in it. Earning a college degree in Chinese will provide you with a solid knowledge of formal, or Mandarin, Chinese. You will also be proficient in reading and writing the alphabet, which is a standard alphabet throughout the Chinese-speaking world. If you are established in your career, and find it necessary to learn Chinese for business dealings and /or business-associated travel, you can enroll in an accelerated Chinese language course online, or by purchasing audiotapes that teach quick techniques, which will help you to rapidly learn how to speak basic Mandarin Chinese. Learning to speak Chinese this way is convenient if you need to learn it before an important business trip. There are several learning centers that provide accelerated online programs in Chinese, and many lesson on tape available for purchase.

If you are a student majoring of minoring in Chinese, or if you are a tourist with a desire to travel to Asia, an ideal way to learn the Chinese language is through participation in an immersion program. By doing this, you will not only learn how to speak Chinese, but you will learn about and experience Chinese culture. By studying Chinese in a city like Beijing, where the language is natively spoken, you will become part of the life and culture, and you will find learning to speak the Chinese language is much easier than you thought. Since it is a total immersion into the Chinese world, you will learn all conversational and idiomatic styles of the language. You will interact everyday with people who are native speakers of Chinese, and who can’t or won’t speak English with you. You will be taken on guided tours of the famous landmarks, as well as the everyday places. You will grow to understand and recognize the value of the ancient Chinese culture: the history, the art, the architecture, the food, and the people. You will attend courses in which you will learn the complex Chinese alphabet, how to read it, and how to write it as well. Learning the Chinese language by attending an immersion program is an ideal way to go.

If you are fluent in the Chinese language, not only could it help you if are established in a career, but it could also open doors to new careers for you. For example, you could take a job as a foreign language translator, where you would be responsible for translating websites, training documents, and other important business documents, while helping to bridge the communication gap between two very different cultures. You might also consider a career as a teacher if English as a second language. You have the opportunity to relocate to a Chinese-speaking nation, and teach the English language to Chinese students. Being fluent in Chinese will definitely make your relocation less stressful.

Learning how to speak, read, and write the Chinese language has many advantages. It gives you the potential to enhance you career by working and/or traveling abroad, or you would have opportunities to embark on new careers as a translator or a teacher. If you plan to travel to Asia, learning Chinese will make your journeys less stressful and more enjoyable. Taking the time to learning the Chinese language will open your eyes to a new and often misunderstood culture, and is an achievement that can be personally and professionally fulfilling.

中文译文：
汉语是一种语言，也可以说是一组语言，被全世界大概13亿人口使用。如果你相信汉语是一种语言，而不是一组，那么它就是这个星球上唯一一种使用最广泛的语言。说汉语的国家有中国，新加坡和马来西亚。如果你对学汉语感兴趣，那么它将是充满压力和挑战的。但是，我们推荐你们学汉语，因为了解它对你的职业有帮助，同时也可以让你到亚洲旅游更加便利。

如果你下定决心学习汉语了，有很多种学习途径供你选择。如果你是一个学院的学生，你可以选修汉语，并获得相关的学位证书。获得汉语方面的学位证书，可以帮助你形成稳固正式的汉语知识和地道的汉语。你也将能很流利的读写汉字，这些汉字符号是在说汉语的国家流行通用的。如果你已经参加了工作，然后你发现学习汉语对于你的业务和出差很有帮助，你可以注册在线汉语学习课程或者购买能够帮你在短时间内学会说汉语的听力磁带。如果你需要在一次重要的出差以前学习汉语，那这个方法是很方便的。现在有很多培训机构提供在线汉语速成教学的项目，并且很多课程被录制成磁带方便购买。

如果你是一个辅修汉语的学生，或者你是一个想到亚洲旅游的游客，那么一个理想的学汉语的途径是通过参加浸泡式汉语学习项目。这样的话，你不仅仅可以学习怎样学习汉语，也可以感受一下中国文化。在像北京这样以普通话作为方言的城市学汉语，你会融入到这里的生活和文化，然后你会发现学说汉语比你曾经想象的要简单。一旦你完全融入到汉语的世界里，你会学到各方面的谈话以及常用语。你每天将会和本土的中国人交流，而这些人可能不会和你说英语。你除了去一些日常需要去的地方以外，你还会被领去参观一些历史古迹。你将会逐渐增加对中国古代文化的了解和认知，包括历史，艺术，建筑，饮食和人物。你将会参加中文学习课程，学习复杂的汉语字母表，它们的读法以及写法。浸泡式汉语学习方法是一个理想的学习汉语的途径。

如果你能说一口流利的汉语，不仅仅可以对你现有的职业起到帮助，还可以为你敞开其他职业的大门。例如，你可以找一份翻译的工作，负责翻译网站，培训文件和其他重要的商业文件。这样可以架起两种完全不同文化之间的沟通桥梁。你也可以考虑做一个英语老师。你将有机会重返说汉语的国家，然后教中国学生如何说英语。流利的中文毫无疑问的让你的重返之旅很轻松。

学习如何说，读，写中文有很多好处。它使你的职业具备了出国工作和旅游的潜力，同时也让你有了转行做翻译或者老师的可能。如果你想去亚洲旅游，学习中文将使你的旅途更轻松更有趣。花一点时间学习汉语，你将会被带入一个新的未知的文化氛围中，也是实现个人满足和工作需要的一大功臣。

The Fundamentals Are The Key To Learning And Understanding 少林功夫（shǎo lín gōng fu）

The concept of Shaolin kung fu originated when Huang Zongxi defined Chinese martial arts as either the Shaolin school or the Wudang school. You also sometimes hear the Shaolin school referred to as the external school, and the Wudang school referred to as the internal school. This was 1669, and since then people call external Chinese martial arts “Shaolin kung fu” even if the style or student has no affiliation to the Shaolin monastery. Learning the Shaolin fundamentals can help anyone improve their understand of the martial arts and help them better protect themselves in case they are attacked.

The Shaolin fundamentals start by teaching basic attacks such as punches, kicks, open hand strikes, elbow strikes, and knees. After the fundamentals are like second nature, then the student works on combinations. The goal is to string together attacks in a logical way that will break through the defenses of the opponent and flow in a fast and fluid fashion. As the opponent tries to defend against one attack, another attack is already coming and heading for a target that is not defended. By keeping pressure on, the opponent will eventually falter in his blocking.

After basic combinations are mastered, the student can learn some more advanced Shaolin fundamentals. Grappling and joint locks are great skill sets to learn because they are very practical and often have a huge impact on the outcome of a fight. It is important to have tools to control the attacker even when he moves too close for effective striking. Restraints and vital point striking allow the student to control an attacker without having to expend a large amount of energy. Leverage is the key to controlling someone that is bigger and stronger while at the same time using very little of your own energy.

The Chinese martial arts also stress the use of kiai, or what the Japanese usually call chi. By focusing your kiai you can inflict more harm on an attacker with strikes because the sum power of your strike will exceed what your muscles can do alone. The Shaolin fundamentals of training your kiai usually involve focusing and mental strength rather than putting the kiai into physical action.

Learning the Shaolin fundamentals makes a martial arts student more prepared for close quarters unarmed combat and is a great stepping stone to more advantages techniques and even other disciplines and martial arts styles. It is all about being ready to protect yourself while hoping that you never need to prove yourself.

Yoshi E Kundagawa is a freelance journalist. He covers the mixed martial arts industry. For a free report on shaolin fundamentals visit his blog.

Yoshi Kundagawa is a freelance journalist covering the martial arts world. Too much time at his computer eating donuts reduced him to couch potato status. He’s on a quest to recapture his youth and fitness. You can read his blog at http://www.martialarts3000.com

张艺谋 Zhang Yimou

张艺谋 Zhang Yimou is one of the best-known directors of the Chinese Fifth Generation and one of the most influential and widely respected filmmakers working today.

A leading filmmaker of China’s “Fifth Generation” who began as a cinematographer and has shot films by directors Chen Kaige and Wu Tianming, Zhang Yimou made an auspicious directorial debut with “Red Sorghum” (1987), which won the Golden Bear at the 1988 Berlin Festival. Set in the remote Shandong province in the 1930s and rich with mythical overtones, “Red Sorghum” uses minimal dialogue, haunting music and stunning visuals to tell the story of a meek young bride who develops into the forceful head of her husband’s winery after his death.

His second feature, “Ju Dou” (1990) about a young wife, sold to a brutal old man, who has an affair with his son in order to provide her husband with an heir, became embroiled in controversy when it was submitted as Best Foreign Film to the Motion Picture Academy’s nominating committee by the Chinese government and then was officially withdrawn because the film had not been theatrically released in China. The Motion Picture Academy then hastily changed its eligibility rules to allow “Ju Dou” to compete for an Oscar.

Zhang continued his streak of critically acclaimed films with “Raise the Red Lantern” (1991), a strikingly filmed drama about the trouble a man’s latest addition to his bevy of wives causes. He followed up with a lighter but still powerful film, “The Story of Qiu Ju” (1992), about a tenacious farmer determined to right a wrong done to her husband. As with all Zhang’s films, it starred Gong Li, an intelligent, naturalistic actress who aptly embodied the tension between the graceful surface of cultural tradition and the turbulence of youth and injustice towards women which all his films explore. The importance of gender roles in maintaining hierarchies in Chinese society again fueled Zhang’s story of a prostitute’s travails, “Shanghai Triad” (1995), while the family of “To Live” (1994) endures the turbulence of the 1940s through the 70s, a key transition period in contemporary Chinese history.

Zhang continued to deliver accomplished films, including “Keep Cool” (1997), “Not One Less” (1999) and “The Road Home” (1999; U.S. 2001). He struggled, however, with a young Chinese audience that grew to dislike the director’s fixation on the nation’s part. He also found himself compromising his art to appease the government, such as changing the original laid-off workers of “Happy Times” (2001; U.S. 2002), struggling for dignity while submitting themselves to ever more degrading types of work, into retirees, as ordered by the Chinese Film Bureau.

Nevertheless. the director scored one of his greatest cinematic and commercial triumphs, “Ying xiong” (2002), which was released in the United States in 2004 under the title “Hero.” Teaming with Australian cinematographer Chris Doyle and Asian martial arts stars Jet Li, Zhang Ziyi, Tony Leung, Maggie Cheung, Daoming Chen and Donnie Yen, Zhang crafted a big-budgeted, multilingual tale set at the violent dawn of the Qin dynasty, circa 220 B.C., where the soon-to-be first Emperor is on the brink of conquering the war-torn land and three of his most passionate opponents (Cheung, Leung and Ziyi) are trying to assassinate him, opposed by the indomitable Li as Nameless, a lowly policeman who faces off against powerful forces. The film become a phenomenal hit in Asia and Europe (it took the title of the box-office record-holder among Chinese movies), and was nominated for an Oscar in 2003 in the foreign language category before its North American release in 2004.

In 2004 the director also delivered the highly anticipated “House of the Flying Daggers,” a martial-arts love story set in the 9th century Tang Dynasty involving a conflict between government forces and a rebel group featuring Hong Kong heartthrob Andy Lau, Taiwanese Japanese star Takeshi Kaneshiro and Zhang Ziyi. At a point where the Chinese film industry seemed at odds with itself, Zhang hoped to create a film that would be commercially successful both at home and abroad-even as some of his younger colleagues accused him of selling out to pure entertainment over art.

Zhang has often tackled major creative undertakings outside of the film world: In 1999 he mounted an epic production of Puccini’s Turandot in Beijing’s Forbidden City. in 2001 he directed a ballet adapted from “Raise the Red Lantern. The Chinese central government has also conscripted him to craft national propaganda: he directed videos for Beijing’s Olympic bid and Shanghai’s successful application to host the 2010 World Expo.

• Also Credited As: Cheung Aau Mau

• Born: on 11/14/1950 in Shaanxi Province, China

• Job Titles: Director, Director of photography, Songwriter

Significant Others

• Wife: . according to Interview (March 1991), refuses to give Zhang a divorce

• Companion: Gong Li. starred in Zhang’s “Red Sorghum”, “Ju Dou”, “Raise the Red Lantern” and “The Story of Qiu Ju”; no longer together

Education

• Beijing Film Academy, Beijing, China, 1978-88

Milestones

• 1966 Due to the Cultural Revolution, studies suspended and sent to work in the countryside, first on farms in Shanxi province and later as a laborer in a spinning mill

• 1982 Assigned to work in the Guangxi Film Studio

• 1982 Debut as feature cinematographer, “One and Eight”

• 1985 Transferred to the pioneering Xi’an Film Studio

• 1987 Feature film directing debut, “Red Sorghum”

• 1991 Directed the internationally acclaimed “Raise the Red Latern”

• 1994 Won award at Cannes for “To Live”

• 1997 Debut as opera director with production of “Turandot” at the Teatro Comunale in Florence, Italy; reportedly the first Chinese director of an Italian opera production

• 1997 Helmed the comedy “Keep Cool”

• 1999 Earned critical praise for “Not One Less”, a look at contemporary China as seen through the story of a young schoolteacher and an unruly student; screened at Venice; set to be released theatrically in the USA in 2000

• 2001 “The Road Home”, a drama about a woman recalling her courtship with her now deceased husband, screened at Sundance

• 2002 Directed “Hero”,starring Jet Li and Maggie Cheung; received a nomination for Best Foreign Language Film

• 2004 Directed Ziyi Zhang in “House of Flying Daggers”

• 2006 Directed Gong Li in the historical drama, “Curse of the Golden Flower”; also scripted

Beijing opera or Peking opera is a kind of Chinese opera which arose in the mid-19th century and was extremely popular in the Qing Dynasty court. It is widely regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China.

Beijing and Tianjin are respected as the base cities of Peking opera in the north while Shanghai is the base in the south.

Although it is called Beijing opera, its origins are in the Chinese provinces of Anhui and Hubei.

Beijing opera’s two main melodies; Xipi and Erhuang originated from Anhui and Hubei operas. Much dialogue is also carried out in an archaic dialect originating partially from those regions. It also absorbed music and arias from other operas and musical arts such as the historic Qinqiang as well as being very strongly influenced by Kunqu, the form that preceded it as court art. It is regarded that Beijing opera was born when the Four Great Anhui Troupes came to Beijing in 1790. Beijing opera was originally staged for the court and came into the public later. In 1828, some famous Hubei troupes came to Beijing. They often jointly performed in the stage with Anhui troupes. The combination gradually formed Beijing opera’s main melodies.

京剧是中国式戏剧的一种，兴起于19世纪中期，到清朝达到全盛时期。它被看成是中国文化艺术的瑰宝。

北京和天津被认为是京剧的北方根据地，而上海则是它的南方根据地。

虽然它被称为京剧，但是它的起源地却是中国的安徽省和湖北省。

京剧有2种韵律，源于安徽和湖北的西皮和二黄。一些京剧段子就是从这些地方的古老方言中衍生出来的。它同样从其它戏曲和音乐艺术中吸取了音乐和唱腔， 比如历史上著名的秦腔， 同时也受了在宫廷艺术方面领先于它的昆曲的影响。京剧据说诞生于1790年四大安徽剧团入京表演的时候。京剧先是一种宫廷表演艺术，而后才慢慢普及到民间。1828年， 一些著名的湖北剧团进京。 他们经常和安徽剧团同台演出， 然后渐渐演变为京剧的主旋律。